Designing a Digital Business Ecosystem Model with an E-learning Approach Using Structural Equation Modeling
Subject Areas : Entrepreneurship and Innovation Ecosystems
usef sepehriazad
1
,
morteza mosakhani
2
*
,
Ali Davari
3
1 -
2 - Tehran Science and Research Branch
3 - University of Tehran
Keywords: Ecosystem, E-business, Digital Ecosystem, Digital Business Ecosystem, Learning Ecosystem, Digital Learning Ecosystem.,
Abstract :
Given that there is a significant gap in the conceptualization of e-learning business ecosystem with e-learning approach, this paper introduces a conceptual framework of e-learning business ecosystem in the digital age by combining two concepts: digital business ecosystem and e-learning ecosystem. In order to design and explain the model of digital business ecosystem, the e-learning application has been implemented. Therefore, this research is fundamental in terms of orientation and exploratory in terms of purpose, and uses a descriptive-correlation approach to analyze the data for a quantitative stage. In this study, a conceptual model was developed by summarizing theories using library review methods, expert opinions and by reviewing studies conducted in digital businesses and e-learning (virtual education), dimensions, factors and components affecting the design of digital business ecosystem model. E-learning has been selected and extracted and the relevant indicators and the proposed conceptual model have been used to design the questionnaire. In the inferential findings and hypothesis testing section, the confirmatory factor analysis technique and the structural equation modeling technique were used. In this study, data were analyzed using SmartPLS2 software. The maximum alpha error level for testing the hypotheses was considered 0.05. As a result of the framework of the digital business ecosystem with the e-learning approach in the digital age based on dimensions and concepts: technology (infrastructure), cultural and social factors, individuals (talents), Information literacy, government and regulations, networks and interactions, stakeholders (markets and customers), environmental factors, capital, financial assistance, business factors, organizational factors, educational factors, innovation, support, evaluation are introduced.
1- Marchand, D, Wade, M. Digital Business Transformation: Where Is Your Company On The Journey. Perspectives for Managers, [Online]. 187, 1-4. Available at: http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.hamk.fi/docview/1564227843?ac-countid=27301 [Accessed 2 May 2016], 2014.
2- Ahmed, M, Gurumurthy, R, Khetan, G. Where do you fit in the new digital ecosystem?. Deloitte University Press, [Online]. Available at: https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/topics/emerging-technologies/new-digital-ecosystem-technology-media-telecom-industry.html [Accessed 29 October 2016], 2016.
3- Nachira, F. Towards a Network of Digital Business Ecosystems Fostering The Local Development. Tech. rep. Directorate General Information Society and Media, European Commission.url: http://www.digital-ecosystems.org/doc/discussionpaper.pdf, 2002.
4- Moore, J. F. The death of competition:leadership and strategy in the age of business ecosystems, New York, Harper Business, ISBN-10:0887308503, 1996.
5- Evans, N. Digital business ecosystems and platforms: 5 new rules for innovators, [Online]. Available at: http://www.computerworld.com/ar-ticle/3045385/it-management/digital-business-ecosystems-and-platforms-5-new-rules-for-innovators.html [Accessed 14 October 2016], 2016.
6- García-Peñalvo, F. J., Hernández-García, Á., Conde-González, M. Á., Fidalgo-Blanco, Á., Sein-Echaluce Lacleta, M. L., Alier-Forment, M., ... Iglesias-Pradas, S. Learning servicesbased technological ecosystems. In G. R. Alves & M. C. Felgueiras (Eds.), Proceedings of the third international conference on technological ecosystems for enhancing multiculturality (TEEM’15) (Porto, Portugal, October 7–9, 2015) (pp. 467–472). New York: ACM, 2015.
7- Frow, P., McColl-Kennedy, J. R., Hilton, T., Davidson, A., Payne, A., & Brozovic, D. alue propositions: A service ecosystems perspective. Marketing Theory, 14(3), 327–351.doi:10.1177/1470593114534346, 2014.
8- Iansiti, M and R Levien. The Keystone Advantage: What the New Dynamics of Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy, Innovation, and Sustainability. Harvard Business School Press, 2004.
9- Jansen, S., Finkelstein, A., & Brinkkemper, S. A sense of community: A research agenda for software ecosystems. In 31st International Conference on Software Engineering – Companion Volume (pp. 187–190). Vancouver/Canada: ICSE-Companion 2009, 2009.
10- Metcalfe, S., & Ramlogan, R. Innovation systems and the competitive process in developing economies. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 48(2), 433–446. doi:10.1016/j.qref.2006.12.021, 2008.
11- Selim. H, “Critical Factors Classification for Firm Adoption of ECommerce”15th Annual IRMA International, New Orleans, 2004, USA, pp. 698-700.
12- García- Peñalvo, F. J., & Alier, M. Learning management system: Evolving from silos to structures. Interactive Learning Environments, 2014, 22(2), 143–145. doi:10.1080/10494820.2014.884790.
13- Kraus, S., Palmer, C., Kailer, N., Kallinger, F.L., Spitzer, J., 2018. Digital entrepreneurship: a research agenda on new business models for the twenty-first century. Int. J. Entrepreneur. Behav. Res.
14- Adner, R. Ecosystem as structure: An actionable construct for strategy. Journal of Management, 43(1): 39-58, 2017.
15- Autio, E., Nambisan, S., Thomas, L. D. W., & Wright, M. Digital affordances, spatial affordances, and the genesis of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(1): 72-95, 2018.
16- Järvi, K., Almpanopoulou, A., & Ritala, P. Organization of knowledge ecosystems: Prefigurative and partial forms. Research Policy, 47(8): 1523-1537, 2018.
17- Feldman, M., Siegel, D. S., & Wright, M. New developments in innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2019.
18- Shipilov, A., & Gawer, A. Integrating research on inter-organizational networks and ecosystems. Academy of Management Annals, in press, 2019.
19- Adner, R., & Kapoor, R. Value creation in innovation ecosystems: How the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations. Strategic Management Journal, 31(3): 306-333, 2010.
20- Autio, E., & Thomas, L. D. W. Value co-creation in ecosystems: Insights and research promise from three disciplinary perspectives. In S. Nambisan, K. Lyytinen, & Y. Yoo (Eds.), Handbook of digital innovation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2019.
21- Iansiti, Marco, and Roy Levien. The Keystone Advantage: What the New Dynamics of Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy, Innovation, and Sustainability. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Pr, 2004.
22- Hagel, J., Brown, J.S. & Davison, L, Shaping Strategy in a World Constant Disruption. Harvard Business Review, 80-89, 2008.
23- Lyer, B., et al. "managing in a small world ecosystem: some lesson from the software sector" Californial management review 48 (3): 28-47, 2006.
24- Dobson, P.W. “Competing, Countervailing and Coalescing Forces:the Economics of Intra- and Interbusiness System Competition", Antitrust Bulletin, 51 (1), pp.175-193.06, 2006.
25- Mangrove. "Our Vision - Understanding the Ecology of Business". [Online]. Available: http://www.click4systems.com/corpvision.htm. [15 July 2011], 2001.
26- Kandiah, Gajen, and Sanjiv Gossain. Reinventing Value: The New Business Ecosystem. Strategy & Leadership 26 (5): 28–33, 1998.
27- Makinen, Saku J., and Ozgur Dedehayir. Business Ecosystem Evolution and Strategic Considerations:A Literature Review. Paper presented at 2012 18th International ICE Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE), IEEE, Munich, Germany, June 18–20, 2012.
28- Clarysse, Bart, Mike Wright, Johan Bruneel, and Aarti Mahajan. Creating Value in Ecosystems: Crossing the Chasm between Knowledge and Business Ecosystems. Research Policy 43 (7):1164–1176, 2014.
29- Rong, Ke, Wu Jinxi, Yongjiang Shi, and Liang Guo. Nurturing Business Ecosystems for Growth in a Foreign Market: Incubating, Identifying and Integrating Stakeholders. Journal of International Management 21 (4): 293–308, 2015.
30- Winter, Juha, Sandro Battisti, Thommie Burstr [30] m, and Sakari Luukkainen. Exploring the Success Factors of Mobile Business Ecosystems. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management.https ://doi.org/10.1142/S0219 87701 85002 68, 2017.
31- Iansiti, Marco, and Roy Levien. The Keystone Advantage: What the New Dynamics of Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy, Innovation, and Sustainability. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Pr, 2004.
32- Shi, Xianwei, and Yongjiang Shi. Unpacking Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Health. Academy of Management Proceedings (1): 16215, 2017.
33- Lu, Chao, Ke Rong, Jianxin You, and Yongjiang Shi. Business Ecosystem and Stakeholders’ Role Transformation: Evidence from Chinese Emerging Electric Vehicle Industry. Expert Systems with Applications 41 (10): 4579–4595, 2014.
34- Iansiti, M., & Levien, R.Strategy as ecology. Harvard business review, 82(3), 2004.
35- Liu, Gordon, and Ke Rong. The Nature of the Co-Evolutionary Process Complex Product Development in the Mobile Computing Industry’s Business Ecosystem. Group & Organization Management 40 (6): 809–842, 2015.
36- Rong, Ke, Yongjiang Shi, and Yu. Jiang. Nurturing Business Ecosystem to Deal with Industry Uncertainties.
37- Kleiner, G.(2019). Ecosystem Economics: Looking to the future. Econ. Revival Russ. 59, 40–45, 2013.
38- Peltoniemi, M. Preliminary theoretical framework for the study of business ecosystems, E: CO 8 (1) 10–19, 2006.
39- Rong K., Wu J., Shi Y., and Guo L. Nurturing business ecosystems for growth in a foreign market: Incubating, identifying and integrating stakeholders, Journal of International Management, in press, 2015.
40- Mooer, J.F. The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystem; Harper Business, 1996: New York, NY, USA.
41- Anggraeni, E. Den Hartigh, E.; Zegveld, M. Business Ecosystem as a Perspective for Studying the Relations between Firms and their Business Networks. In Proceedings of the ECCON 2007 Annual Meeting, Basel, Switzerland, 3–7 September 2017; pp.1–28, 2017.
42- Fors, A. C. The Ontology of the Subject in Digitalization. In Handbook of Research on Technoself: Identity in a Technological Society; Information Science Reference: Hershey, PA, USA; pp. 45–63, 2013.
43- Yoo, Y. Computing in everyday life: A call for research on experiential computing. MIS Q, 34, 213–231, 2010.
44- Yoo, Y.; Henfridsson, O.; Lyytinen, K The New Organizing Logic of Digital Innovation: An Agenda for Information Systems Research. Inf. Syst. Res. 21, 724–735, 2010.
45- Pavitt, K. Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory. Res. Policy, 13,343–373, 1984.
46- Archibugi, D. Pavitt’s taxonomy sixteen years on: A review article. Econ. Innov. New Technol. 10,415–425, 2001.
47- Li, W.; Badr, Y.; Biennier, F. Digital ecosystems: Challenges and prospects. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28–31 October 2012; ACM: New York, NY, USA; pp. 117–122، 2012.
48- Planing, P. Will digital boost circular? Evaluating the impact of the digital transformation on the shift towards a circular economy. Int. J. Manag. Cases, 19, 22–31, 2017.
49- Veit, D. Clemons, E.; Benlian, A.; Buxmann, P.; Hess, T.; Spann, M.; Kundisch, D.; Leimeister, J.M.; Loos, P. Business Models - An Information Systems Research Agenda. Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng. 6, 45–53, 2014.
50- Weill, P.; Woerner, S.L.Optimizing your digital businessmodel.MIT SloanManag. Rev. 54, 71–78., 2013.
51- Tilson, D., Lyytinen, K., & Sørensen, C. Research commentary-digital infrastructures: the missing IS research agenda. Information Systems Research, 21(4), 748–759, 2010.
52- Henfridsson, O., & Bygstad, B. The generative mechanisms of digital infrastructure evolution. MIS Quarterly, 37(3), 907–931, 2013.
53- Spulber, D.F. The economics of markets and platforms. J. Econ. Manag. Strateg. 28, 159–172, 2019.
54- Song, A.K. The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem—A critique and reconfiguration. Small Bus. Econ. 53, 569–590, 2019.
55- Schwab, K. Fourth Industrial Revolution; World Economic Forum: Geneva, Switzerland; p. 138, 2016.
56- García-Villaverde, P.M.; Elche, D.; Martínez-Pérez, Á. Understanding pioneering orientation in tourism clusters: Market dynamism and social capital. Tour. Manag. 76, 103966, 2020.
57- Li, W., Badr, Y., & Biennier, F. Digital ecosystems: challenges and prospects. In proceedings of the international conference on management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems (pp. 117–122), 2012.
58- Dini, P and A Nicolai. “A Scientific Foundation for Digital Ecosystems”. In: Digital Business Ecosystems.Ed. by F Nachira et al. European Commission, pp. 1–20, 2007.
59- Elia, G.; Margherita, A.; Passiante, G. Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem: How digital technologies and collective intelligence are reshaping the entrepreneurial process. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 150, 119791. [CrossRef]3–15 June 2005; pp. 908–912, 2020.
60- Dini, P.; Iqani, M.; Mansell, R. The (im) possibility of interdisciplinarity: Lessons from constructing a theoretical framework for digital ecosystems. Cult. Theory Crit. 2011, 52, 3–27, 2011.
61- Trofimov, O.V.; Zakharov, V.Y.; Frolov, V.G. Ecosystems as a way to organize interaction between enterprises in the production sector and the service sector in the conditions of digitalization. Vestn. Lobachevsky State Univ. Nizhni Novgorod. Ser. Soc. Sci. 4, 43–55, 2019.
62- Rumyantseva, S.Y., Korostyshevskaya, E.M. and Samylov, I.O. “Stages of formation and development of the ‘innovation’ concept”, Innovations, Vol. 3 No. 233, pp. 36-46, 2018.
63- Nachira, F. “Towards a network of digital business ecosystems fostering the local Development”, European Commission Discussion Paper. Bruxelles, 2002, retrieved from:http://www.digitalecosystem.org/html/repository/dbe_discussionpaper.pdf, 2002.
64- Moore, J. The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems. Harvard Business School Press, 1996.
65- Nachira et al. Characteristic of Digital Ecosystems / Di-mension of Digital Ecosystem Governance [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.digital-ecosystems.org/book/2006-4156_PROOF-DCS.pdf [Accessed 30 October 2016], 2007.
66- Briscoe, G. Digital Ecosystems, [Online]. 1-206. Available at: http://arxiv.org/pdf/0909.3423.pdf [Accessed 25 October 2016], 2009.
67- Briscoe, G, Sadedin, S, De Wilde, P. Digital Ecosystems: Ecosys-tem-Oriented Architectures, [Online]. 1-39. Available at: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1112.0204.pdf [Accessed 25 October 2016], 2011.
68- Stanley, J., & Briscoe, G. The ABC of digital business ecosystems. Communications Law - Journal of Computer, Media and Telecommunications Law, 15(1), 1–24, 2010.
69- Herdon, M., Varallyai, L., & Pentek, A.Digital business ecosystem prototyping for SMEs. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 14(4), 286–301. https://doi.org/10.1108/13287261211279026, 2012.
70- Kohtam€aki, M., Parida, V., Oghazi, P., Gebauer, H. and Baines, T. “Digital servitization business models in ecosystems: a theory of the firm”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 104, pp. 380-392,doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.027, 2019.
71- Heistracher, T, et al. Pervasive Service Architecture for a Digital Business Ecosystem, [Online]. 1, 1-10. Available at: https://arxiv.org/ftp/cs/papers/0408/0408047.pdf [Accessed 26 October 2016], 2004.
72- Nachira, F, P Dini, and A Nicolai. “A Network of Digital Business Ecosystems for Europe: Roots, Processes and Perspectives”. In: Digital Business Ecosystems. Ed. by F Nachira et al.European Commission, pp. 1–20, 2007.
73- Bogers, M., Zobel, A. K., Afuah, A., Almirall, E., Brunswicker, S., Dahlander, L., Frederiksen, L., Gawer, A., Gruber, M., Haefliger, S., Hagedoorn, J., Hilgers, D., Laursen, K., Magnusson, M. G., Majchrzak, A., McCarthy, I. P., Moeslein, K. M., Nambisan, S., Piller, F. T., Radziwon, A., Rossi-Lamastra, C., Sims, J., & Ter Wal, A. L. J. The open innovation research landscape: Established perspectives and emerging themes across different levels of analysis. Industry and Innovation, 24(1): 8-40, 2017.
74- Von Hippel, E. Horizontal innovation networks by and for users. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16: 293-315, 2007.
75- Clarysse, B., Wright, M., Bruneel, J., & Mahajan, A. Creating value in ecosystems: Crossing the chasm between knowledge and business ecosystems. Research Policy, 43(7): 1164-1176, 2014.
76- Järvi, K., Almpanopoulou, A., & Ritala, P.Organization of knowledge ecosystems: Prefigurative and partial forms. Research Policy, 47(8): 1523-1537, 2018.
77- Van der Borgh, M., Cloodt, M., & Romme, A. G. L.Value creation by knowledge-based ecosystems: Evidence from a field study. R&D Management, 42(2): 150-169, 2012.
78- Leten, B., Vanhaverbeke, W., Roijakkers, N., Clerix, A., & Van Helleputte, J. Ip models to orchestrate innovation ecosystems: Imec, a public research institute in nano-electronics. California Management Review, 55(4): 51-64, 2013.
79- Valkokari, K. Business, innovation, and knowledge ecosystems: How they differ and how to survive and thrive within them. Technology Innovation Management Review, 5(8), 2015.
80- Brodo, J. A. Today's Ecosystem of e-learning, Vice President, Marketing, 2002.
81- Eswari PRL. A process framework for securing an e-Learning ecosystem. Paper presented at: 6th International Conference on Internet Technology and Secured Transactions; 2011 December 11–14; Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2011.
82- Selvi. S.T, Kaleel. D, Chinnaiah. V. Applying Problem Based Learning Approach on E-Learning System in Cloud,” IEEE, p.244-249, 2012.
83- Lohmosavi V, Nejad AF, Hosseini EM. E-learning ecosystem based on service- oriented cloud computing architecture. In: Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Information and Knowledge Technology; 2013 May 28–30; Shiraz, Iran. IEEE; 2013. p. 24–29،https://doi.org/10.1109/IKT.2013.6620032, 2013.
84- K. Sarnok, and P. Wannapiroon. “Connectivism learning activity in ubiquitous learning environment by using IoE for digital native,” Veridian E-Journal International (Humanities, Social Sciences and Arts), vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 405-418, 2018.
85- I. K. Ficheman and R. D. Lopes. “Digital learning ecosystem: Authoring, collaboration, immersion and mobility,” presented at Eighth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2018.
86- Michael Carrier & Highdale Learning. “Digital learning trends 2017–2020,” QLS 2017, Thessalonica, pp. 1-61, 2017.
87- Global Entrepreneurship Monitor of Iran. 7th. Executive Report of the research program for Evaluation of Iran Entrepreneurship Indexes based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor model. GEM-Iran office, 2014.
88- https://enamad.ir/DomainListForMIMT/Index/204, 2021.
89- Chin, W. Issues And Opinion On Structural Equation Modeling, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 22 No.1, PP: 7-16, 1998.
90- Davari, Ali & Arash Rezazadeh.Structural Equation Modeling with PLS Software, Tehran: Jihaddaneshgahi Publications, 2014.
91- Henseler, J. Ringle, CM. Sinkovics, R. R. The use of partial least squares) path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing 20, 2009, 319-27.
92- Nachira, F, et al. Digital Ecosystems, [Online]. 1-214. Available at: http://www.digital-ecosystems.org/book/2006-4156_PROOF-DCS.pdf [Accessed 25 October 2016], 2007.
93- Briscoe, G., P. De Wilde. "Digital Ecosystems: Evolving service-oriented architectures", Conference on Bio Inspired Models of Network, Information and Computing Systems, IEEE Press, 2006.