نقش فناوری بلاک‌چین در رفع چالش‌های مبادلات زنجیره تأمین: بایسته‌ها و سیاستگذاری‌ها
محورهای موضوعی : سیاست‌گذاری و اجرای کاربرد توسعه پایدار در همه زمینههاعلی اکبر فرحزادی 1 , مهدی ناصر 2 *
1 - دانشگاه علوم قضایی
2 - دانشگاه علوم قضایی
کلید واژه: زنجیره تأمین فناوری بلاک‌چین چالش‌ها و راهکارها سیاست‌گذاری تقنینی و اجرایی مبادلات بین‌المللی,
چکیده مقاله :
زنجیره تأمین به فرایند تولید، مونتاژ، ترانزیت و وصول کالا به دست مصرف‌کننده اطلاق می‌گردد که نقشی حیاتی در توسعه اقتصاد دارد. این حوزه در مسیر توسعه با چالش‌هایی از جمله عدم وجود شفافیت در شناسایی منبع تهیه یا توزیع کالاهای تجاری، عدم وجود امنیت مبادلاتی یا ایجاد تنش در قراردادهای تجار و مصرف‌کنندگان مواجه است. پیاده‌سازی فناوری بلاک‌چین می‌تواند به‌عنوان راه‌حلی مناسب جهت حل چالش‌های مذکور باشد. این بستر با برخورداری از ویژگی شفافیت، وجود مکانیسم‌های پیشگیری از وقوع یا حل آنلاین اختلافات و حذف واسطه‌های مالی در تراکنش‌های الکترونیکی امکان دستیابی به اهداف مقرر را فراهم می‌آورد. اما پیاده‌سازی آن در هر نظام با چالش‌هایی از جمله مقیاس‌پذیری، قابلیت اتصال، استانداردسازی و برخی چالش‌های حقوقی مواجه است که حل آن چالش‌ها نیازمند سیاست‌گذاری تقنینی و اجرایی از جمله بکارگیری ابزارهای دیجیتالی کارآمد، اعتبارسنجی آنها و پیش‌بینی تشریفات برقراری بسترهای نامتمرکز و نهادهای صلاحیت‌دار جهت نظارت بر روند صحیح امور می‌باشد. مقاله حاضر پس از تبیین مقدمه و مفهوم‌شناسی بلاک‌چین (گفتار اول و دوم)، به تفصیل چالش‌های زنجیره تأمین در حوزه مبادلات بازرگانی و بیان ویژگی‌های کاربردی بلاک‌چین در حل این چالش‌ها پرداخته است. (گفتار سوم و چهارم) پس از آن، این پژوهش با بررسی چالش‌های پیش روی این بستر در به‌کارگیری آن در زنجیره تأمین و ارائه توصیه‌های سیاست‌گذارانه، سعی در بهبود روند بهره‌برداری از این فناوری در حوزه زنجیره تأمین داشته است.
Supply chain refers to the process of production, assembly, transit and receipt of goods by the consumer, which plays a vital role in the development of the economy. This area faces challenges in the development path, such as lack of transparency in identifying the source of supply or distribution of commercial goods, lack of exchange security or creating tension in the contracts of traders and consumers. Implementation of blockchain technology can be a suitable solution to solve these challenges. This platform with the feature of transparency, the existence of mechanisms to prevent the occurrence or online resolution of disputes and the elimination of financial intermediaries in electronic transactions makes it possible to achieve the set goals. But its implementation in any system faces challenges such as scalability, connectivity, standardization, and some legal challenges, the solution of which requires legislative and executive policy, including the use of efficient digital tools, their validation, and the establishment of formalities. Decentralized platforms and competent institutions to monitor the proper course of affairs. After explaining the introduction and concept of blockchain (first and second speeches), the present article details the supply chain challenges in the field of trade and expresses the practical features of blockchain in solving these challenges. After that, this study has tried to improve the process of exploiting this technology in the field of supply chain by examining the challenges facing this platform in its application in the supply chain and providing policy recommendations.
1- Alexandre A. Boschia, c, Rogério Borina, Julio Cesar Raimundob, Antonio Batocchioa, An exploration of blockchain technology in supply chain management, Journal of University of Cambridge, 2018.
2- Savelyev, Alexander, Copyright in the blockchain era: Promises and challenges, computer law & security review, Vol 34, 2018.
3- Kshetri, N. Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives - International Journal of Information Management - Volume 39, 2018.
4- Giulio Prisco, Walmart Testing Blockchain Technology for Supply Chain Management, Bitcoin Mag., https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/walmarttesting-blockchain-technology-for-supply-chain-management-1482354996/?q=G&hPP=5&idx=articles&p=0&is_v=1 (Last visited 20, June 2019).
5- Mougayar, W. and Buterin, V.The Business Blockchain: promise, practice, and application of the next Internet technology. 1st ed. New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016.
6- Anderson Sarah, The Missing Link Between Blockchain and Copyright: How Companies are Using New Technology to Misinform Creators and Violate Federal Law, North Carolina Law Review, Vol 1, 2018.
7- Edvard Tijan, Saša Aksentijevic, Katarina Ivanic, Mladen Jardas, Blockchain Technology Implementation in Logistics, Sustainabilit Review, 2019.
8- Radziwill, N. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money. Busin. World. Quality Manag. J, 2018.
9- Ronald Chan, Blockchain Data Structure, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/blockchain-data-structure-ronald- chan, (Last Visited 21June 2019).
10- D. Aurelio Lopez- Tarruella Martinez, Smart Contracts from a Legal Perspective, Facultat de Dret Facultad de Derecho, Universiad de Alicante, downloaded from www, ssrn, com, 2018.
11- Garner, Supply Chain Digest. “Supply Chain Traceability is an Increasingly Important Element of Supply Chain Visibility, Gartner Says”. http://www.scdigest.com/ontarget/17-02-131.php?cid=11936, (Last visited 15June 2019).
12- Takahashi, K. “Blockchain Technology and Electronic Bills of Lading”. The Journal of International Maritime Law, 2016.
13- Yanling Chang, Eleftherios Iakovou, and Weidong Shi, Blockchain in Global Supply Chains and Cross Border Trade: A Critical Synthesis of the State- of- the- Art, Challenges and Opportunities, Intertatonal Journal of Computers and Society, 2019.
14- James Cascone, Managing the Pressures of Compliance Risk in Global Supply Chains, https://deloitte.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2018/04/30/managing- the- pressures- of- compliance- risk- in- global- supply- chains/,, (Last visited 21 June 2019).
15- Karen E. C. Levy, Book- Smart, Not Street-Smart: Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts and the Social Workings of Law, Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3, 2017.
16- Stephen E. Blythe, Hungary's Electronic Signature Act: Enhancing Economic Development with Secure Electronic Commerce Transactions, School of Management, New York Institute of Technology, USA, 2007.
17- E Katsh, "ODR: A Look at History", in Wahab et al. 2012, 'eBay User Agreement' 2016 http://pages.ebay.com/help/policies/user-agreement.html (Last visited 21, June 2019).
18- Kehrli, Jerome, Blockchain 2.0 - From Bitcoin Transactions to Smart Contract applications, online edition n: Https://www.ssrn.com, 2016.
19- United Nations Commission On International Trade Law, Working Group III (Online Dispute Resolution), Thirty- second session, 'Annotated Provisional Agenda' at 4 available at https://documents-ddsn.unor/doc/UNDOC/LTD/V 15/066/23/PDF/V 1506623.VdfOenElement.
20- Riikka Koulu, Blockchains and Online Dispute Resolution: Smart Contracts as an Alternative to Enforcement, SCRIPTed, Volume 13, Issue 1, 2016.
21- Giancaspro Mark, Is a‘smart contract’ really a smart idea? Insights from a legal perspective, computer law & security review, Vol 33, 2018.
22- Yanling Chang, Eleftherios Iakovou, and Weidong Shi, Blockchain in Global Supply Chains and Cross Border Trade: A Critical Synthesis of the State- of- the- Art, Challenges and Opportunities, Intertatonal Journal of Computers and Society, 2019.
23- Savelyev, Alexander, Copyright in the blockchain era: Promises and challenges, computer law & security review, Vol 34, 2018.
24- Yanling Chang, Eleftherios Iakovou, and Weidong Shi, Blockchain in Global Supply Chains and Cross Border Trade: A Critical Synthesis of the State- of- the- Art, Challenges and Opportunities, Intertatonal Journal of Computers and Society, 2019.
25- Maxwell William, ERC Tokens, Explain ef,https://cointelegraph.com/explained/erc-20-tokens-explained, (Last Visited 21, June 2019).
26- Reyes Carla, More Legal Aspects of Smart Contract Applications, Token Sales, Capital Markets, Supply Chain Management, Government and Smart Cities, Real Estate Registries, and Enabling Self- Sovereign Identity, Perkins Coie Publishers, downloaded from Social science and research network, 2018.
27- Texas State Securities Board, https://www.ssb.texas.gov/sites/default/files/BitConnect_ENF18-CDO-1754.pdf.(Lv, 21 June, 2019).